Gambling is present in human culture since ancient times. There are examples of images of dice and players in the depictions of the ancient Egyptians as early as 3000 BC have been found in ancient Rome and signs with slogans "bets and food." The dice game has the longest history; betting on horse races make their appearance around the twelfth / thirteenth century., the first lottery born in Italy and England in 1500, the philosopher and mathematician Blaise Pascal invented the roulette in the sixteenth century, in 1885 the American Charles Fay developed the first slot machines there are examples in the history of "hardcore gamers" Caligula and Nero, George Washington, the Duke of Wellington, Dostoevsky, the Aga Khan ... but to this day are known gamers (Pupo, Emilio Fede, Baldini, etc.).. To date, a total of more than 15 millions of our countrymen, just under 40% of the population and involved in the game, of course, not all so morbid and not all giocatori d’azzardo incalliti, tuttavia bisogna sottolineare il fatto che il 50% della popolazione maschile ha giocato d’azzardo almeno una volta nella vita, contro il 29,2% di quella femminile. A ciò è pervenuta un’indagine condotta dall’Istituto di fisiologia clinica del Consiglio nazionale delle ricerche (Ifc-Cnr) di Pisa che ha analizzato i dati Ipsad-Espad 2007-2008. “I soggetti di età compresa tra i 25 ed i 34 anni sono quelli che hanno maggiormente dichiarato di avere giocato almeno una volta: il 55,1% dei maschi ed il 34,5% delle femmine,ma lo studio evidenzia soprattutto che ben il 10,8% dei giocatori, pari a un milione e mezzo di persone, prova l’impulso a giocare somme di denaro sempre most significant among them players, 5.3% hides even the amount of money spent with family. " The alarm on social issues related to gambling reflects the widespread perception of the growing seriousness of the problem. What is the relationship between gambling and gambling? If we are referring to the now classic Caillois categorization of the four basic forms of play (alea, agon, mimicry, ilinx,) while we show how the element of chance (the dice, fate, luck \\ hex) belongs to a lesser extent obvious (though not exclusively) in those games of chance is, where the random component is predominant (the classic example of roulette). The uncertainty, ie the uncertainty of the outcome, allowing the bet, the wager determines the win or loss, gains and losses can strengthen or weaken the desire to gamble again. The player called compulsive, which still has to be classified along a continuum (the casual gamer, normal, at risk, compulsive) showed a progressive loss of ability to set boundaries to involvement in the game, economic losses and more frequent eye-catching, absorbing more and more exclusive in the activity of the game (so much so that he is defined by some ludomane). There are many signs of a narrowing field of consciousness (similar to what occurs in the phenomena of trance) and almost psychotic aspects of the compulsive gambler (loss of reality). In a significant analogy with substance dependence, were also highlighted forms of addiction (figures need to bet more and more high,) and withdrawal (sweating, tremors, tachycardia, anxiety) in the same game players who are prevented (eg. because of hospitalization or detention). The pursuit of the loss, namely the desire to rebuild, falls into a progressive and ever more dizzying economic disaster the compulsive gambler. Phenomena which appear at this point the demand for loans to wear, often lies in the family intended to hide the real economic situation, the lack of attention or lack of interest in the work, leading to periods of time or longer in severe personal crisis (sometimes with suicide or suicide attempts) that can motivate the compulsive gambler to seek help (more family members are often the player to break the curtain of secrecy, shame and despair). But what are the causes and mechanisms that support and reinforce that behavior?. Regarding the causes, research into possible genetic and neurobiological factors are still young and did not show anything for sure. There is certainly part of the compulsive gambler looking for peaks of activation ("HIG"), which may suggest mechanisms neuromediator characteristically different from the average operation (in particular low levels of serotonergic activity). Regarding the mechanisms for reinforcement instead there are conditions that favor the continuation of the game and considered a strong positive reinforcement: the "almost win" (... I bet the 71 is released on 7!), The fallacy of Monte Carlo (occurs when players tend to overestimate their chances of success following an unfortunate sequence of play or lost bets), the "flight of the loss" and a big win.
Having established why you fall in pathological gambling is necessary to evaluate different methods intervento.Per of compulsive gamblers who have "hit bottom" indicates the existence of self-help groups (Gamblers Anonymous), which along the lines of self-help groups for other issues, come together to acknowledge that he lost control the situation, share the experience of impotence in the face of the game, proposing the withdrawal from the game within the group and compare the forms of deception and self-deception is still in place. There are therapy groups for compulsive gamblers, which unlike the self-help groups provide, and are led by psychotherapists and involving the family of the player in the therapeutic process. Frequently it happens that the family the gambler is affected by the negative impact of losses and looking for help while the player himself is still completely absorbed from following the loss (ie a desire to rebuild). An intervention that is concerned only to eliminate the symptom often favors the phenomena of "Migration and displacement (the player stops playing and, for example. Starts drinking, smoking or one hundred cigarettes a day, or go through red traffic lights not showed a good clinical outcome). The protective function of the symptom must always be kept in mind (sometimes drug use can prevent a psychotic breakdown or a serious act eteroaggressivo), and gambling addiction should be seen in relation to subjectivity Gamer, the structure of personality, affective history, relationships and significant phase of the life cycle. Ultimately
play, as we have seen, involves increased levels of serotonin, which means that it is a pleasurable activity, but where it disturbs the balance of the various dimensions of life (family, work, social) is easier than the individual soon encounters the game over.
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